Category: Child Health

  • Major Changes to the Childhood Vaccination Schedule: What Parents Need to Know

    Major Changes to the Childhood Vaccination Schedule: What Parents Need to Know

    Big changes are coming to the UK’s childhood vaccination schedule, including a new appointment at 18 months. Here’s what it means for your child — and why at Coyne Medical we already recommend one of the key changes: an earlier second dose of the MMR vaccine.

    What’s Changing in the NHS Childhood Vaccination Programme?

    The UK Government and the Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation (JCVI) have announced significant updates to the childhood vaccination schedule. Many changes begin rolling out from July 2025, with further changes from January 2026, aimed at improving early childhood protection and simplifying immunisation.

    Key Changes

    From July 2025:

    • Meningitis B vaccine: Second dose moved from 16 to 12 weeks
    • Pneumococcal vaccine (PCV13): First dose delayed to 16 weeks
    • Hib/Men C vaccine (Mentorix): Removed due to discontinuation
    • Selective neonatal Hepatitis B dose: No longer offered at one year

    From January 2026:

    • New 18-month appointment introduced:
      • A fourth dose of the 6-in-1 vaccine (DTaP/IPV/Hib/Hep B)
      • Second MMR dose moved forward from 3 years 4 months to 18 months

    Key Changes

    These updates follow clinical evidence and supply changes, reflecting the growing importance of early protection. Moving the second MMR dose earlier has been shown to improve overall uptake and provide better protection during toddlerhood, when outbreaks can spread quickly.

    Our Approach at Coyne Medical

    At Coyne Medical, we already recommend giving the second MMR dose at 18 months — particularly in response to increased cases of measles and mumps in London. This proactive approach:

    • Provides earlier protection against these highly contagious illnesses
    • Reduces the risk of complications, especially in children attending nurseries or starting school
    • Enhances community immunity, helping to protect vulnerable individuals
    A Special Note: Catch-Up for Children Who Missed MMR

    During the COVID-19 pandemic, many families experienced disruptions to routine vaccinations and some children may have missed one or both MMR doses.

    Why this matters:

    • Measles can cause serious complications including pneumonia and brain inflammation (encephalitis)
    • Mumps, especially when contracted after puberty, can lead to orchitis (inflammation of the testicles) in boys and infertility in rare cases
    • Rubella poses a particular danger to unborn babies if contracted during pregnancy

    What parents can do:

    • Check your child’s vaccination record — especially if they were born between 2018 and 2021
    • Book a catch-up appointment — it’s never too late. We offer catch-up MMR vaccinations for children, teens, and adults
    • Be aware of symptoms: swollen salivary glands (parotitis), fever, and fatigue in an unimmunised child could indicate mumps — speak to your GP immediately

    Catching up now is vital to prevent complications and reduce transmission, especially in schools and crowded settings.

    We’re Here to Help

    Whether you’re following the standard NHS schedule, catching up after delays, or wanting the most up-to-date protection — we’re here to support your family. Contact us or call us directly to speak to a doctor about your child’s vaccinations, review their record, or book an MMR catch-up.

    Note: For parents with concerns about MMR vaccine safety, the University of Oxford has detailed information available.

    DR LUCY HOOPER
    MB BS BSc MRCGP MA DRCOG DCH

    Lucy is a GP and co-founder of Coyne Medical. She graduated with honours from Imperial College London, trained at St Mary’s Hospital, and holds a Master’s in Medical Ethics and Law. Her clinical interests span women’s health, preventive medicine, and genomics, with a particular focus on using advanced biomarkers to build a more complete picture of long-term health.

    British Society for Genetic Medicine  ·  European Atherosclerosis Society  · 
    Independent Doctors Federation

    As seen in BBC, The Guardian, Women’s Health, The Times and Tatler

    Book a GP Consultation

    For educational purposes. This article is written by a practising GP and is intended to inform, not replace a consultation with your own doctor. It does not constitute medical advice. A note on clinical guidelines: Coyne Medical is an independent private clinic. Our approach is guided by the best available evidence, tailored to each individual. This may go beyond standard NHS or NICE guidance, which is designed for population-level care and weighted by resource constraints.

    Read More Child Health Guides
  • Balancing Academic Stress and Mental Health

    Balancing Academic Stress and Mental Health

    In London, as parents and children gear up for the 11-plus exams, the academic pressure can be palpable. The pursuit of academic excellence, while commendable, brings with it a level of stress that can profoundly impact our children. Amidst this academic hustle, the importance of mental health cannot be overstated. This is particularly the case when research shows that maintaining physical fitness could be a key component in supporting mental well-being.

    Understanding the Connection Between Fitness and Mental Health

    A comprehensive study from Taiwan observed over 1.9 million young participants. It highlights a compelling link between physical fitness and reduced risks of mental disorders like anxiety, depression, and ADHD. This decade-long research meticulously monitored children from the age of 10 through their formative years. It focuses on various aspects of physical fitness including cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular endurance, and muscular power.

    Fitness as a Counterbalance to Academic Stress

    The findings revealed that children who engaged in regular physical activity and scored higher in fitness tests were less likely to develop mental health issues. Specifically, enhanced cardiorespiratory fitness, demonstrated by quicker 800-m run times, significantly lowered the incidence of anxiety and depression. This was especially noted among female students. Improved muscular strength also correlated with decreased mental health risks across all participants.

    These results suggest that while academic achievements are important, incorporating physical fitness into a child’s routine can provide a critical balance. The mental resilience built through regular physical activity not only helps in managing academic pressures but also fosters overall well-being.

    Practical Tips for Parents

    For parents navigating the stresses of the 11-plus exams, here are some actionable tips to integrate fitness into your child’s routine:

    1. Encourage Daily Physical Activity: Simple activities like walking, cycling, or playing in the park can be effective. Aim for at least an hour of physical activity a day, which can be broken down into manageable segments. 
    2. Incorporate Exercise into Family Time: Whether it’s a weekend hike, a family game of football, or a dance-off in the living room, making exercise a family affair increases enjoyment and commitment.
    3. Balance Routine: While study schedules are important, ensure that your child has enough time for physical activities. This not only breaks the monotony but also increases blood flow to the brain, potentially boosting cognitive functions.
    4. Monitor Stress Levels: Stay attuned to your child’s emotional state. High stress can reduce academic performance and affect mental health. Encouraging regular physical activity can be a natural stress reliever.
    The Bigger Picture

    Schools and sports clubs play a pivotal role by providing adequate facilities and opportunities for sports and other physical activities. These institutions can be instrumental in emphasising the importance of a balanced approach to education and health.

    Conclusion: Holistic Development

    As London’s parents and children navigate the challenges of academic preparations, it’s crucial to remember that success is not just about passing exams but also about developing a well-rounded, healthy individual. Physical fitness should be as much a priority as academic preparation, not only for mental health benefits but also for instilling a lifelong habit of wellbeing.

    While the academic rigours of the 11-plus exams are important, integrating physical fitness into your child’s daily routine could be the key to a happier, healthier, and more successful student. Let’s ensure that our children’s journey towards academic excellence includes a healthy dose of play and physical activity.

    DR J HUGH COYNE
    MBBS BSc PGDip (with merit) MRCGP DRCOG DCH

    Dr Hugh Coyne is a GP and co-founder of Coyne Medical, a private preventive health clinic at 660 Fulham Road, London. He trained at Imperial College London and has been in practice for over twenty years, with a particular focus on cardiovascular risk, metabolic health, and exercise medicine. After qualifying as a GP he went on to train in sport and exercise medicine, bringing a distinctly practical approach to prevention and long-term health.

    British Association of Sports and Exercise Medicine  ·  European Atherosclerosis Society  · 
    Independent Doctors Federation

    As seen in The Independent, The Daily Mail and Tatler

    Book a Health Screening

    For educational purposes. This article is written by a practising GP and is intended to inform, not replace a consultation with your own doctor. It does not constitute medical advice. A note on clinical guidelines: Coyne Medical is an independent private clinic. Our approach is guided by the best available evidence, tailored to each individual. This may go beyond standard NHS or NICE guidance, which is designed for population-level care and weighted by resource constraints.

    Read More Child Health Guides
  • Physical Fitness and Mental Health in Young People

    Physical Fitness and Mental Health in Young People

    Mental health issues among children and adolescents are climbing at an alarming rate. Understanding and leveraging lifestyle factors could be key to stemming this tide. It has been argued that a decline in unstructured, independent play has contributed. The rise in mental health problems in young people also corresponds with increasing mobile phone usage. As summer rolls into autumn, the focus turns to younger children and their 11 plus. Then, it is all about getting into the right school. Play, exercise, fun and fitness take a back seat. Academic excellence is the driver. 

    A comprehensive nationwide cohort study sheds new light on how physical fitness might play a pivotal role in preventing mental disorders in young people. The study was based in Taiwan and spanned a decade.

    Study Overview

    This extensive study observed over 1.9 million participants. Each participant was aged between 10 and 11 years at the outset. There was an even distribution across genders. These young participants were monitored for at least three years and the average follow-up period was six years. Their physical fitness was assessed through various exercises. These measured cardiorespiratory fitness (CF), muscular endurance (ME), muscular power (MP), and flexibility.

    Findings on Fitness and Mental Health

    The findings were striking. There was a clear, dose-dependent correlation between higher levels of physical fitness and fewer mental health issues. The mental health issues included anxiety, depression, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). For instance, improvements in fitness, marked by faster 800-m run times, significantly reduced the risk of anxiety and depression. This was particularly the case in females. Similar beneficial effects were noted for ADHD in both genders.

    Muscular endurance also showed a robust association with mental health. An increase in performance on the bent-leg curl-up test correlated with a decreased incidence of depression and ADHD. Again this was particularly prominent in female participants. Similarly, enhanced muscular power, evidenced by better performance in the standing broad jump, was linked to reduced risks of anxiety and ADHD across the board. It also correlated with notably lower depression rates in males.

    Implications for Prevention

    These results underscore a potentially transformative insight. Physical fitness could be a powerful, natural, and accessible tool in improving mental health in children. Given the ease of integrating fitness into daily routines compared to the complexity of treating mental disorders once they’ve developed, the implications are profound.

    What Does This Mean for Parents and Educators?

    For parents and us healthcare providers, the message is clear. Promoting and maintaining physical fitness in children isn’t just about physical health. It extends to mental well-being, offering a double benefit.

    A Note on Implementation

    It’s tempting to rush headlong into new fitness programs for kids. However, this study serves as a stepping stone, not a conclusion. It invites further exploration. We now need to delve into how tailored fitness regimes can be most effective for different age groups and individual needs. That way we can find a balance that keeps our young ones both physically agile and mentally resilient.

    Conclusion: A Call to Action

    This research is a persuasive call to embed physical fitness into the fabric of daily routines for the younger generation. As we fret over 11 plus exams, and school places, let’s carve out a significant place for exercise. It’s not merely a school subject. It’s a lifeline to a healthier, happier future for our children.

    In essence, the hustle and bustle of modern education demands excellence in academic study. But let’s not sideline the profound benefits of a sprint, a jump, or a curl-up. After all, a healthy mind thrives in a healthy body. As this study shows, the path to mental well-being might just begin with a pair of trainers and a bit of time in the playground.

    DR J HUGH COYNE
    MBBS BSc PGDip (with merit) MRCGP DRCOG DCH

    Dr Hugh Coyne is a GP and co-founder of Coyne Medical, a private preventive health clinic at 660 Fulham Road, London. He trained at Imperial College London and has been in practice for over twenty years, with a particular focus on cardiovascular risk, metabolic health, and exercise medicine. After qualifying as a GP he went on to train in sport and exercise medicine, bringing a distinctly practical approach to prevention and long-term health.

    British Association of Sports and Exercise Medicine  ·  European Atherosclerosis Society  · 
    Independent Doctors Federation

    As seen in The Independent, The Daily Mail and Tatler

    Book a Health Screening

    For educational purposes. This article is written by a practising GP and is intended to inform, not replace a consultation with your own doctor. It does not constitute medical advice. A note on clinical guidelines: Coyne Medical is an independent private clinic. Our approach is guided by the best available evidence, tailored to each individual. This may go beyond standard NHS or NICE guidance, which is designed for population-level care and weighted by resource constraints.

    Read More Child Health Guides
  • Harnessing the Power of Youth: A Long-term Look at Physical Activity and Heart Health

    Harnessing the Power of Youth: A Long-term Look at Physical Activity and Heart Health

    Legend has it that Finn McCool is not dead at all. Or it may be that Fionn MacCumhaill, often anglicised to Finn McCool, died in old age in battle, or having hit his head on a rock. What isn’t in doubt is that he must have lived to an old age. What was his secret? Well, perhaps it was that he did so much exercise in his youth.

    Today, if you spend any time on social media, advice on exercise seems to be extraordinarily complex. Yet one golden seam in the tapestry of health advice seems to stretch further and stronger with each passing study. That is the undeniable link between physical activity and heart health. The American Heart Association has long championed the mantra of achieving at least 150 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (PA) per week as a beacon for cardiovascular disease prevention. But let’s face it, tracking our weekly quota of physical exertion can sometimes feel like taking a toddler to a Sunday pub lunch —unpredictable and overly optimistic.

    The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study, decided to investigate how young adults’ dedication to physical activity (PA) could shape their cardiovascular destiny. This study sought to unearth the relationship between sustained physical activity in youth and the risk of heart-related events later in life. To do this it used a metric known as time in target range (TTR).

    The study corralled 2,902 participants into four groups based on their PA TTR. The underachievers (<25%), the middling masses (25% to <50%), the diligent doers (50% to <75%), and the overachievers (75% to 100%). TTR was calculated across a span of 15 years. This period was presumably filled with vigorous padel games and possibly ill-advised attempts at parkour.

    As the participants gracefully aged into their 40s, with a median follow-up period stretching nearly 19 years into the future, the fruits of their youthful exertions began to show. The overachievers, those with a TTR of at least 75%, flaunted a 40% lower risk of cardiovascular events compared to their less active counterparts. It seems that maintaining a high level of physical activity during those formative years could significantly shield one’s heart from future woes.

    But there’s a kicker. For every 1-SD increase in TTR, there was a 21% decreased risk of heart-related events. This suggests that even incremental improvements in sticking to exercise guidelines can pay dividends for future heart health.

    So, what’s the takeaway? Maintaining recommended levels of physical activity throughout young adulthood isn’t just a good idea. It’s a potentially life-altering strategy for warding off cardiovascular diseases later in life.

    Imagine if we treated our physical activity habits like a high-yield savings account for our health. The more we deposit in our youth, the richer we become in terms of vitality and longevity. This study underscores the importance of a life course approach to managing our heart health. It suggests that the seeds of cardiovascular well-being are sown early. These seeds need to be nurtured with the same zeal we apply to our careers, relationships, and Netflix binges.

    But what about those of us who may have missed the memo in our youth? It’s never too late to start. After all, in the journey of heart health, every step counts, no matter when you begin. Here’s to a heartier, healthier future, fueled by the enduring power of endurance exercise.

    DR J HUGH COYNE
    MBBS BSc PGDip (with merit) MRCGP DRCOG DCH

    Dr Hugh Coyne is a GP and co-founder of Coyne Medical, a private preventive health clinic at 660 Fulham Road, London. He trained at Imperial College London and has been in practice for over twenty years, with a particular focus on cardiovascular risk, metabolic health, and exercise medicine. After qualifying as a GP he went on to train in sport and exercise medicine, bringing a distinctly practical approach to prevention and long-term health.

    British Association of Sports and Exercise Medicine  ·  European Atherosclerosis Society  · 
    Independent Doctors Federation

    As seen in The Independent, The Daily Mail and Tatler

    Book a Health Screening

    For educational purposes. This article is written by a practising GP and is intended to inform, not replace a consultation with your own doctor. It does not constitute medical advice. A note on clinical guidelines: Coyne Medical is an independent private clinic. Our approach is guided by the best available evidence, tailored to each individual. This may go beyond standard NHS or NICE guidance, which is designed for population-level care and weighted by resource constraints.

    Read More Child Health Guides
  • Measles: Check if you need a vaccine now

    Measles: Check if you need a vaccine now

    Why are we worried about measles in London?

    The World Health Organisation reported an over 40-fold increase in measles cases in Europe last year. 

    Over 30,000 cases of measles were reported across 40 countries in Europe last year, compared to less than 1,000 in the same area the year before. That’s a really dramatic increase and has doctors worried. 

    Professor Dame Jenny Harries has raised the alarm in the UK and is concerned we are risking a larger outbreak without action. In the last month alone there have been over 150 cases in England, spread across many areas of the country. 

    Does measles spread easily?

    The reason the outbreak has health officials so worried is that measles spreads incredibly easily. 

    It is much more infectious than Covid-19 for example. 

    Up to 90% of people who are close to someone with measles will be infected, if they are not already immune.  

    Measles is caused by a virus. It spreads easily through the air or by droplets, for example by coughing and sneezing. People with measles are infectious from the time their symptoms first appear until 4 days after the appearance of the rash. So often for up to a week in total. 

    What are the symptoms of measles?

    Measles infection is caused by a virus and the symptoms often start like any other virus. These can include fever, tiredness, runny nose, cough and conjunctivitis (redness of the eyes). Then a rash starts to appear. This is unusual in that it starts on the head or face and then spreads down the body and to the arms and legs over 3 to 4 days. The rash is pink, with flat or slightly raised spots. 

    Koplik’s spots are a special sign we would always look for if we suspect a measles infection. These are red spots with a blue or whitish centre that can be seen inside the mouth. They appear one to two days before the rash appears and can still be seen for 1 to 2 days afterward. 

    If you are concerned about the possibility of measles then please contact your healthcare provider as soon as possible. This means you can get treatment advice and be monitored for any complications. If measles is suspected your doctor should make arrangements for you to have tests to confirm the infection. It will also help track outbreaks and we can vaccinate people who you have been in contact with too to reduce the chances of them becoming unwell. 

    Do I need a measles vaccine?

    We would recommend everyone who is fully vaccinated to protect themselves and their loved ones against measles. Two doses of the vaccine will provide over 99% protection. There are a small number of people who can not have the vaccination for health reasons, such as an allergy to part of the vaccine or immunosuppression (having a very low immune system). 

    If you or your child have been exposed to someone with measles and have not been fully vaccinated you may be given the MMR vaccine which may prevent an infection. This is most effective if given within 3 days of exposure so don’t delay if you have been exposed. It is very safe to give the vaccine even if you might already be incubating measles. Many people are not sure if they were vaccinated in children or don’t have access to their records, in this scenario it is safe to have an extra dose of the vaccine. 

    What age can babies and children be vaccinated against measles?

    MMR (measles, mumps and rubella) vaccine is given at 12 months of age and again at 3 years and 4 months of age (often called ‘preschool booster’), as part of the routine childhood vaccination schedule in the UK. 

    If a young baby or child is at an increased risk of measles the vaccine can be given earlier. This is usually if they have been exposed to someone with measles or are traveling to an area where there is a measles outbreak.

    Babies under 1 year of age: they can have the vaccine from 6 months of age. At this young age, many babies will still have antibodies from their mother which were passed over during pregnancy across the placenta. This means the vaccine may not be as effective. If a baby has a dose of the MMR vaccine under 12 months of age, we would still recommend they have their two further routine doses to make sure they are well protected. 

    Children aged 1 to 5: Some babies will not be immune after their first dose of MMR vaccine. This is why a second dose of the vaccine is recommended, usually at preschool age, 3 years and 4 months onwards. The second dose of the vaccine can be given safely from 18 months of age. It has been given in this way in many countries to ensure young children receive full protection sooner. In the current outbreak, parents may wish to give their children the second dose of the MMR vaccine from 18 months of age and we would support this as a sensible choice. 

    If the child is over 3 years and 4 months of age and has not yet had their preschool booster this should be done as soon as possible. 

    Children aged 5 to 18 years of age: any child who might have missed one or both doses of the MMR vaccine during their childhood should be vaccinated as soon as possible. If they have missed both doses they can receive each dose 1 month apart.  

    Adults of any age: 

    If you have not had two doses of the MMR vaccine this is highly recommended. 

    Born between 1980 and 1990 in the UK? Many people in this age bracket only received one dose of the MMR vaccine in childhood. They should definitely receive their second dose now. 

    Born between 1970 and 1979 in the UK? You might have received a measles vaccine in childhood. We can safely give two doses of the MMR vaccine. This is especially recommended if you are at a high risk of being exposed to measles or if we know you are not immune. 

    Born in the UK before 1970? There is a good chance you may have had measles or been exposed to the virus in childhood and be immune. We can do a blood test to check for immunity if needed or vaccinate you. 

    Help protect more people by sharing this with family and friends. 

    DR LUCY HOOPER
    MB BS BSc MRCGP MA DRCOG DCH

    Lucy is a GP and co-founder of Coyne Medical. She graduated with honours from Imperial College London, trained at St Mary’s Hospital, and holds a Master’s in Medical Ethics and Law. Her clinical interests span women’s health, preventive medicine, and genomics, with a particular focus on using advanced biomarkers to build a more complete picture of long-term health.

    British Society for Genetic Medicine  ·  European Atherosclerosis Society  · 
    Independent Doctors Federation

    As seen in BBC, The Guardian, Women’s Health, The Times and Tatler

    Book a GP Consultation

    For educational purposes. This article is written by a practising GP and is intended to inform, not replace a consultation with your own doctor. It does not constitute medical advice. A note on clinical guidelines: Coyne Medical is an independent private clinic. Our approach is guided by the best available evidence, tailored to each individual. This may go beyond standard NHS or NICE guidance, which is designed for population-level care and weighted by resource constraints.

    Read More Child Health Guides
  • 5 Sleep Tips for Children

    5 Sleep Tips for Children

    Back to school can often be a time when children find it tricky to settle back into their usual routine. Summer holidays often mean changes in location and bedtimes. New classes and school can give many kids a little anxiety and can mean sleep is restless. Just when you want them to be at their most rested and ready for the new school year. 

    1. Keeping timings the same everyday can help children get back into a routine faster. So though weekend lie ins are tempting it is better to have bedtime and getting up around the same time through the week. Especially if you’re struggling to get back to a routine. 
    2. Screen time is best avoided for at least an hour before bedtime. The blue light from devices can disrupt the natural production of melatonin in the body and make it harder to sleep. For some children it can also cause more bedwetting. Most kids have had a bit more screen time over the holidays it is a great time to draw up and restart house rules on screen time during the term. 
    3. Exercise is usually a great way to make sure children are physically tired and so ready to sleep. Try to avoid it too close to bedtime though. Hopefully we will have some more sunny mornings, a good morning walk or cycle in the sunlight helps to regulate our body clock and melatonin levels. 
    4. Try to avoid discussing worries or plans for the next day around bedtime. It’s better to talk through things earlier in the evening. If your child is struggling with worries at bedtime or lots of thoughts a journal can help, or we’ve found worry dolls useful for younger children. Older children can try an app with meditations or breathing exercises to help sleep. 
    5. Keep your child’s bedrooms cool, quiet and calm. Don’t be temped to overheat them as we get into Autumn, around 16-20 degrees is ideal. A calming quiet environment is best, so avoid too many toys or clutter, even toys can sometimes become scary for children in night time. If your child struggles in the dark, get a low nightlight to ensure they are not overstimulated by light. 

    Hopefully we will all be back in to swing of the school routine. If you or your child are struggling with sleep and things are getting better it is probably time to see your doctor and talk it through. 

    DR LUCY HOOPER
    MB BS BSc MRCGP MA DRCOG DCH

    Lucy is a GP and co-founder of Coyne Medical. She graduated with honours from Imperial College London, trained at St Mary’s Hospital, and holds a Master’s in Medical Ethics and Law. Her clinical interests span women’s health, preventive medicine, and genomics, with a particular focus on using advanced biomarkers to build a more complete picture of long-term health.

    British Society for Genetic Medicine  ·  European Atherosclerosis Society  · 
    Independent Doctors Federation

    As seen in BBC, The Guardian, Women’s Health, The Times and Tatler

    Book a GP Consultation

    For educational purposes. This article is written by a practising GP and is intended to inform, not replace a consultation with your own doctor. It does not constitute medical advice. A note on clinical guidelines: Coyne Medical is an independent private clinic. Our approach is guided by the best available evidence, tailored to each individual. This may go beyond standard NHS or NICE guidance, which is designed for population-level care and weighted by resource constraints.

    Read More Child Health Guides
  • Optimal Antibiotic Treatment for Children with Pneumonia: Why Shorter Duration Is Safer and More Effective

    Optimal Antibiotic Treatment for Children with Pneumonia: Why Shorter Duration Is Safer and More Effective

    As a parent, your child’s health and well-being are always your top priority. Although severe illnesses like community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) are not that common, finding the most effective and safe treatment is still crucial. A recent systematic review, based on 16 randomised clinical trials, has shed light on the optimal duration of antibiotic treatment for children with CAP. 

    Insights from a Recent Review

    The study’s primary objective was to compare the efficacy and safety of shorter-duration (≤5 days) versus longer-duration antibiotic treatments in children with CAP. The researchers conducted a thorough search across various databases to gather data from 16 randomised clinical trials involving 12,774 paediatric patients. All the participants were treated as outpatients with oral antibiotics.

    The analysis revealed that there were no substantial differences between shorter-duration and longer-duration antibiotics in terms of clinical cure, treatment failure, and relapse rates. This suggests that the duration of antibiotic therapy may not significantly impact your child’s overall recovery from CAP.

    Clinical Equivalence

    Shorter-duration antibiotics did not appreciably increase the risk of mortality or severe adverse events when compared to longer-duration antibiotics. This finding provides reassurance that opting for shorter courses of antibiotics is unlikely to compromise your child’s safety.

    The study indicated that shorter-duration antibiotics probably have little or no impact on the need for hospitalisation or the necessity to change antibiotics. This implies that choosing a shorter course of treatment is unlikely to result in a more severe illness requiring hospital care.

    Safety Considerations

    One of the key advantages of choosing shorter-duration antibiotics is a reduced risk of side effects. Prolonged antibiotic exposure can lead to adverse reactions, and by limiting the duration, we can minimise this risk.

    Overuse of antibiotics can contribute to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, making infections harder to treat in the future. By opting for shorter courses of antibiotics when appropriate, we can help combat the growing concern of antibiotic resistance.

    Reducing Risks and Burden

    Shorter-duration antibiotic therapy also brings relief to parents by reducing the overall administration burden. Fewer days of medication mean less hassle for both you and your child.

    Positive Conclusions

    Based on the findings of this comprehensive systematic review, shorter-duration antibiotic therapy appears to be just as effective and safe as longer-duration treatment for children with community-acquired pneumonia.  Not only does this approach lead to similar patient outcomes, but it also reduces the risk of side effects, combats antibiotic resistance, and eases the burden on parents.

    Collaboration with Healthcare Providers

    As always, it is essential to follow your healthcare provider’s recommendations regarding your child’s treatment. If your child is diagnosed with pneumonia, have an open and informed discussion with their healthcare provider about the best course of action based on the severity of the illness and individual medical history. With the right care and attention, your child can recover from pneumonia and get back to being their happy and healthy selves.

    DR J HUGH COYNE
    MBBS BSc PGDip (with merit) MRCGP DRCOG DCH

    Dr Hugh Coyne is a GP and co-founder of Coyne Medical, a private preventive health clinic at 660 Fulham Road, London. He trained at Imperial College London and has been in practice for over twenty years, with a particular focus on cardiovascular risk, metabolic health, and exercise medicine. After qualifying as a GP he went on to train in sport and exercise medicine, bringing a distinctly practical approach to prevention and long-term health.

    British Association of Sports and Exercise Medicine  ·  European Atherosclerosis Society  · 
    Independent Doctors Federation

    As seen in The Independent, The Daily Mail and Tatler

    Book a Health Screening

    For educational purposes. This article is written by a practising GP and is intended to inform, not replace a consultation with your own doctor. It does not constitute medical advice. A note on clinical guidelines: Coyne Medical is an independent private clinic. Our approach is guided by the best available evidence, tailored to each individual. This may go beyond standard NHS or NICE guidance, which is designed for population-level care and weighted by resource constraints.

    Read More Child Health Guides
  • The Impact of Childhood TV Viewing on Adult Health: What Every Parent Needs to Know

    The Impact of Childhood TV Viewing on Adult Health: What Every Parent Needs to Know

    One aspect of child health that has garnered increasing concern in recent years is the impact of sedentary behaviours, especially excessive screen time, on our kids’ health. In this article Dr Hugh addresses the impact of childhood TV viewing on adult health. 

    The connection between childhood TV viewing habits & metabolic syndrome

    I loved watching TV growing up, the trouble was, there wasn’t much on. He-Man, Thundercats, BraveStarr and James Bond Jr (“James Bond Jr chases S.C.U.M”) were personal favourites. However,  a recent study at the University of Otago, New Zealand, sheds light on the connection between childhood television viewing habits and metabolic syndrome in mid-adulthood. This research underscores the importance of mindful screen time management for the long-term well-being of our children.

    Some background on the study

    The researchers followed a population-based birth cohort born in Dunedin, New Zealand, in 1972 and 1973, with data collected from ages 5 to 32 years. The study tracked both parent and self-reported weekday television viewing times of the participants at ages 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, and 32. At age 45, the primary outcome was evaluated—metabolic syndrome.  This is defined by having three or more of the following risk factors: high glycated hemoglobin, high waist circumference, high blood triglyceride levels, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high blood pressure. The study included data from 870 out of 997 surviving participants, making it a robust and significant exploration of the subject.

    What the study revealed: the impact of childhood TV viewing on adult health

    The study revealed a compelling association between childhood television viewing habits and the risk of metabolic syndrome in mid-adulthood. Notably, the association remained consistent even after accounting for other influencing factors such as sex, socioeconomic status, and body mass index (BMI) at age 5. This finding emphasises that reducing screen time during childhood and adolescence can have a lasting positive impact on health.

    Furthermore, the researchers discovered a correlation between childhood television viewing and two essential health indicators at age 45: lower cardiorespiratory fitness and higher BMI. These findings underscore the far-reaching consequences of excessive screen time on our children’s overall health and well-being.

    What we can do as parents

    As parents, we play a crucial role in shaping our children’s habits and choices. The results of this study emphasise the need for proactive intervention in managing our kids’ screen time. By limiting television viewing and encouraging other forms of physical and mental activities, we can significantly reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome and other related health issues later in life.

    Some practical guidelines to follow

    The path to healthier screen habits begins with setting practical guidelines on television viewing and screen time usage. Here are some suggestions to consider:

    • Set daily limits: Establish specific time limits for television viewing and ensure that your child follows them.
    • Encourage physical activities: Engage your children in outdoor play, sports, or other physical activities that promote an active lifestyle.
    • Create tech-free zones: Designate certain areas in the house as tech-free zones, like the dining table or bedrooms, to encourage family interaction and relaxation without screens.
    • Be a role model: Demonstrate a healthy relationship with screens by limiting your own screen time and engaging in activities that do not involve screens.
    • Offer alternative options: Provide a variety of stimulating activities such as reading, puzzles, board games, or creative projects to keep your child engaged and entertained.

    A final note

    The study highlights the need to take proactive steps in managing screen time and promoting healthier lifestyle choices for our kids. By adopting mindful screen habits and encouraging physical activities, we can pave the way for a healthier, happier future for our children.

    DR J HUGH COYNE
    MBBS BSc PGDip (with merit) MRCGP DRCOG DCH

    Dr Hugh Coyne is a GP and co-founder of Coyne Medical, a private preventive health clinic at 660 Fulham Road, London. He trained at Imperial College London and has been in practice for over twenty years, with a particular focus on cardiovascular risk, metabolic health, and exercise medicine. After qualifying as a GP he went on to train in sport and exercise medicine, bringing a distinctly practical approach to prevention and long-term health.

    British Association of Sports and Exercise Medicine  ·  European Atherosclerosis Society  · 
    Independent Doctors Federation

    As seen in The Independent, The Daily Mail and Tatler

    Book a Health Screening

    For educational purposes. This article is written by a practising GP and is intended to inform, not replace a consultation with your own doctor. It does not constitute medical advice. A note on clinical guidelines: Coyne Medical is an independent private clinic. Our approach is guided by the best available evidence, tailored to each individual. This may go beyond standard NHS or NICE guidance, which is designed for population-level care and weighted by resource constraints.

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  • Enhancing Your Child’s Nutrition: The Power of Longer Family Mealtimes

    Enhancing Your Child’s Nutrition: The Power of Longer Family Mealtimes

    As parents, we strive to provide the best nutrition for our children to ensure that they develop healthy eating habits that will benefit them throughout their lives. While we receive plenty of advice on what’s best for our kids, it’s important to know that these recommendations are supported by scientific evidence. One common belief is that family mealtimes have multiple advantages for children, including improved socialisation, stronger relationships, and potentially better nutrition. But do we really have concrete evidence to support this claim? A recent study conducted in Germany sheds light on this topic, revealing fascinating findings that can benefit both parents and their children.

    The study was a randomised controlled trial involving 50 parent–child pairs. It sought to investigate the impact of longer meal times on children’s fruit and vegetable intake. In comparison to regular mealtime lengths, extending mealtime by 50% resulted in increased consumption of fruits and vegetables by the children. Furthermore, the children in the longer mealtime group reported higher feelings of satiety and demonstrated increased water consumption. On average, the mealtime extension was only a mere 10 minutes.

    Implications for Families:

    For families struggling to encourage their children to consume recommended amounts of fruits and vegetables, this study offers a promising low-risk intervention. While the study’s sample size was small, the positive effect observed with longer mealtime durations suggests that families could potentially benefit from this strategy. The key takeaway is that even a brief extension of mealtime, averaging just 10 minutes, can provide significant nutritional advantages. This finding holds practical importance for public health, as consuming an additional daily portion of fruits and vegetables reduces the risk of cardiometabolic disease by 6% to 7%.

    Benefits of Longer Mealtime:

    The study specifically found that the increased intake of fruits and vegetables during longer meals did not result in greater consumption of other food items. This reinforces the notion that longer mealtime durations facilitate a slower eating rate, leading to increased satiety and potentially reducing snacking between meals. Additionally, longer family meals create a conducive atmosphere for fostering healthier eating habits, potentially lowering the risk of obesity in children.

    Practical Strategies for Implementing Longer Mealtime:

    Establishing longer mealtime routines may seem challenging, but there are several strategies that families can employ to make this a successful and enjoyable experience. Firstly, choose a mealtime that is most likely to succeed, avoiding rushed mornings and selecting a time when everyone can gather together. Accommodating children’s preferences, such as playing their favourite music in the background, can make the experience more enjoyable (Party in the U.S.A. being a particular favourite in our kitchen). Transparent rules, such as everyone staying at the table for a certain period, help create structure and consistency. While these strategies may not work every time, habit change requires effort and can be fostered through consistent practice.

    Strengths and Limitations:

    It’s important to note that the study was conducted in a laboratory setting, which may limit the generalisability of the findings to natural eating environments. The sample used in the study also had limited ethnic and socioeconomic diversity, warranting further exploration in more diverse populations. Additionally, the long-term sustainability of the intervention’s effects remains uncertain and requires further investigation.

    The findings of this clinical trial highlight the potential benefits of increasing family mealtime duration by as little as 10 minutes. By incorporating this simple and low-cost intervention, parents can improve their children’s diets and eating behaviours. Establishing new routines may require effort, but the long-term impact on children’s intake of fruits and vegetables can contribute significantly to addressing the major public health concern of poor nutrition. Remember, ensuring the availability of fruits and vegetables on the table is vital for maximising the effects of this intervention.

    As parents, let’s embrace the power of longer family mealtimes to nourish our children and cultivate lifelong healthy eating habits. By prioritising these moments together, we can promote not only physical well-being but also strengthen our family bonds.

    DR J HUGH COYNE
    MBBS BSc PGDip (with merit) MRCGP DRCOG DCH

    Dr Hugh Coyne is a GP and co-founder of Coyne Medical, a private preventive health clinic at 660 Fulham Road, London. He trained at Imperial College London and has been in practice for over twenty years, with a particular focus on cardiovascular risk, metabolic health, and exercise medicine. After qualifying as a GP he went on to train in sport and exercise medicine, bringing a distinctly practical approach to prevention and long-term health.

    British Association of Sports and Exercise Medicine  ·  European Atherosclerosis Society  · 
    Independent Doctors Federation

    As seen in The Independent, The Daily Mail and Tatler

    Book a Health Screening

    For educational purposes. This article is written by a practising GP and is intended to inform, not replace a consultation with your own doctor. It does not constitute medical advice. A note on clinical guidelines: Coyne Medical is an independent private clinic. Our approach is guided by the best available evidence, tailored to each individual. This may go beyond standard NHS or NICE guidance, which is designed for population-level care and weighted by resource constraints.

    Read More Child Health Guides
  • How to Manage a Crying Baby

    How to Manage a Crying Baby

    abies cry. A lot. Studies show that 10% of babies cry “persistently” (more than three hours per day). On average it has been found that babies cry for 2 hours per day with a peak in the evening – the witching hour. Crying is particularly common in the first three months after birth. 

    A crying baby can be a huge source of stress and upset. There is nothing like an inconsolable infant to make you feel utterly hopeless! However, while crying can be distressing it is the main form of communication your baby has. And although initially, a baby’s cries can make you feel helpless with time you will learn to understand this vital communication tool. Here is our checklist of things to consider when your baby is crying. 

    Get to know your baby. Watch and listen. Does the cry sound normal?

    With careful attention, you will develop your communication skills with your baby. Pay close attention to them. With time you will know the cry they do when they are hungry, the cry for when they are lonely need a cuddle and the cry for when they have an apocalyptic nappy. 

    There is a catch. As is the case throughout the parenting journey, as soon as you think you have cracked it, they have taken a developmental leap that makes all your hard work redundant. You’ll quickly have a whole new set of skills to learn. 

    A high pitched or shrill cry that is different from your baby’s usual cry can indicate something is wrong. If you hear this make sure to give them a good check over. 

    Do they have a fever?

    Always important if the cry is persistent or abnormal is to check for a temperature. A fever in an infant is defined as a temperature above 38°C. Children under three months of age who have a fever above 38°C should be seen and assessed by a doctor. 

    Are they too hot or too cold?

    Babies can be quite fussy about their temperature. Infants have not yet developed all the sophisticated strategies adults and older children have to regulate temperature. Make sure they are dressed appropriately for the surroundings. 

    Are they tired?

    Sometimes babies will be tired but fight sleep, such is their excitement to take in the world around them. Some babies can be quite sensitive and find that too much stimulation around them can be overwhelming. 

    The best strategy here is to try to recreate the comforting surroundings of the womb.  Swaddle snuggly but ensuring the hips are free to move. Cuddle gently in your arms and rock soothingly. Singing a lullaby has been shown to help quieten crying babies quickly (my girls always found Christy Moore songs particularly soporific). Some babies prefer being held in certain positions such as on their front, side or over your shoulder. If breastfeeding is well established giving baby a dummy to suck can be very soothing. 

    Are they hungry or thirsty?

    Try offering breast or bottle if baby is distressed. Many parents worry about creating bad habits by doing this in terms of comfort, for the baby there is nothing quite like being cradled in the arms of a parent while being gently rocked and having some milk. And surprisingly, babies who are “spoiled” actually tend to cry less. 

    Do they have wind?

    We have a number of relatives and friends who bemoan the lack of winding of babies “these days.” They do have a point. It is surprising how often a massive burp instantly relieves a crying baby. 

    Do they need a new nappy?

    It seems simple but somethings the simple things are forgotten when you are particularly frazzled looking after a baby. Sometimes it may not even be that the nappy is soiled but just adjusting it to a more comfortable position can help. 

    Do they have a rash?

    Babies have very delicate skin. Check the nappy area for irritation and everywhere else for any uncomfortable looking rash. 

    How are you? 

    One aphorism of childcare is “As calm as you are is as calm as they’ll be.” With that in mind make sure you have also been looking after yourself. Babies can sense when we are stressed. I am a much better parent if I have been fed, watered, rested, not dying to go to the loo, and not too hot or too cold. You will be too so make sure that in your efforts to care for your child you have not neglected yourself. 

    If it is all getting too much give yourself a time-out. Put the baby on their back with their favourite teddy in a safe place such as the crib or cot and pull to door closed. Set a timer for 3-5 minutes and take a few moments to have a (soft) drink, take a few deep breathes, listen to a song or read a few pages of a book. When you are ready and feeling a little refreshed you can start to soothe your baby again. 

    A great go-to for me was the baby carrier. Movement is a fantastic way to soothe a baby. Putting the baby in the baby carrier and going for a few laps around the park was a great way to calm everyone down. 

    It seems like a crazy thing to say, but treasure this time. It’s not for long that they are entirely dependent on you. Soon enough, you’ll have all sorts of other things competing for their attention. 

    DR J HUGH COYNE
    MBBS BSc PGDip (with merit) MRCGP DRCOG DCH

    Dr Hugh Coyne is a GP and co-founder of Coyne Medical, a private preventive health clinic at 660 Fulham Road, London. He trained at Imperial College London and has been in practice for over twenty years, with a particular focus on cardiovascular risk, metabolic health, and exercise medicine. After qualifying as a GP he went on to train in sport and exercise medicine, bringing a distinctly practical approach to prevention and long-term health.

    British Association of Sports and Exercise Medicine  ·  European Atherosclerosis Society  · 
    Independent Doctors Federation

    As seen in The Independent, The Daily Mail and Tatler

    Book a Health Screening

    For educational purposes. This article is written by a practising GP and is intended to inform, not replace a consultation with your own doctor. It does not constitute medical advice. A note on clinical guidelines: Coyne Medical is an independent private clinic. Our approach is guided by the best available evidence, tailored to each individual. This may go beyond standard NHS or NICE guidance, which is designed for population-level care and weighted by resource constraints.

    Read More Child Health Guides